ScienceAsia 51S (2025):ID 2025s007 1-10 |doi:
10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2025.s007
Extracellular vesicles: A comprehensive review of
classification, isolation, characterization, and cargo loading
Chanatip Metheetrairuta, Ladawan Khowawisetsutb,c, Punnida Nonsuwand,
Primana Punnakitikashema,d,*, Kovit Pattanapanyasatc,*,?
ABSTRACT: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron membrane-bound structures released from various cell types
into extracellular space. EVs are divided by biogenesis into exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies; moreover,
they can also be subtyped into natural, engineered and hybrid EVs. EVs play a vital role in cell-to-cell communication,
allowing cells to exchange cargos including proteins, lipids and nucleic acid materials, therefore making them valuable
tools as novel biomarkers of diseases, as therapeutic agents and as drug delivery messengers. In this review, we describe
several methods for isolation and characterization of EVs. Furthermore, engineered EVs as target drug delivery systems
as well as recent advances in hybrid EVs and the engineering of EVs with synthetic lipid nanoparticles will also be
discussed.
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| a |
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700 Thailand |
| b |
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700 Thailand |
| c |
Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Research Department, Faculty of
Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700 Thailand |
| d |
Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10700 Thailand |
* Corresponding author, E-mail: primana.pun@mahidol.ac.th, kovit.pat@mahidol.ac.th
Received 16 Oct 2024, Accepted 18 Apr 2025
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