The antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from various parts of Thai Caesalpinia sappan L.

Apaporn Boonmee^a,b, Nuntaporn Moonrungsee^a,b, Teerapich Kasemsuk^a,b, Winyou Puckdee^c, Pratya Komonpanich^c, Chutapa Kunsook^c, Na-monrug Khamchatra^c, Sorasak Nakeim^c, Attakorn Khamchutra^d, Raksa Suninthaboonrana^e, Phoom Chairatana^f, Borvornwat Toviwek^g, Prapasiri Pongprayoon^g,h,, Sunisa Suwancharoen^a,b,

ABSTRACT: Caesalpinia sappan (CS) has been commonly used in beverage and folk medicine in China and ASEAN countries because of its various therapeutic properties. Only the heartwood has long been used in traditional medicines due to the presence of high concentration of brazilin (one of the most important bioactive compounds), whereas the other parts are limited in use. Thus, this work aimed to investigate ways of utilizing other parts of CS. This information is important for further use of other CS parts to promote zero waste and hence sustainable resource utilization. Herein, the crude ethanolic (CEE) and crude aqueous (CAE) extracts from twelve parts of CS were evaluated for their biological activities for the first time. Our work demonstrates that not only the heartwood, but also other parts of CS exhibit interesting biological activities. CAE from heartwood of branches exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, which is higher than that of the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene. CEE from florets shows the highest inhibitory effect against ?-amylase, while CAE of barks shows better ?-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the existing glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose). Molecular docking of brazilin (key bioactive compound) to both ?-amylase and glucosidase can also confirm the tight binding of brazilin to ?-glucosidase.

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^a	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi 22000 Thailand
^b	Herbal Product for Health and Beauty Research and Development Center, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi 22000 Thailand
^c	Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi 22000 Thailand
^d	Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi 22000 Thailand
^e	Khao Soi Dao Silvicultural Research Station, Chanthaburi 22140 Thailand
^f	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700 Thailand
^g	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
^h	Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand

* Corresponding author, E-mail: sunisa.s@rbru.ac.th, fsciprpo@ku.ac.th

Received 4 Nov 2022, Accepted 18 Apr 2023