Research articles
ScienceAsia 52 (2023): 9-9 |doi:
10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2023.010
Development and characterization of active edible films based
on Pangasius sp. skin gelatin and carrageenan enriched with
avocado peel essential oil
Rahmi Nurdiania,*, Muhamad Firdausa, Asep Awaludin Prihantoa, Salman Al Farisya,
Fatmala Veny Korinawatia, Fienza Kusuma Fadhil Mahendraa, Kurnia Tyas Farihaa, Rovina Kobunb
ABSTRACT: Growing environmental concerns have led to the development of biodegradable alternatives to synthetic
polymers. Edible films for food packaging can be formulated from various biopolymers, including gelatin, which is
known for its excellent film-forming properties but exhibits poor water vapor resistance. Incorporating ?-carrageenan
may enhance the mechanical properties of gelatin films, while avocado peel essential oil could provide antioxidant
and antimicrobial functionalities, improving the overall quality of the packaging material. This study aimed to
develop and characterize gelatin-based edible films derived from catfish (Pangasius sp.) skin, incorporating ?
carrageenan and avocado peel essential oil. The research involved gelatin extraction, film formulation, and evaluation
of physicochemical properties. The extracted gelatin had a moisture content of 9.74%, an ash content of 0.55%, a pH
of 5.81, and a viscosity of 19 mPas, meeting the SNI 8622:2018 standards. GC-MS analysis identified 22 compounds
in the avocado peel essential oil, predominantly terpenoids. The essential oil exhibited antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus (12.70?0.38 mm) and Escherichia coli (5.94?0.13 mm) and demonstrated potent antioxidant
activity with an IC50
value of 7.58 mg/l. Incorporating avocado peel essential oil affected the physical properties of
the gelatin carrageenan films, decreasing tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate, and brightness index, while
increasing elongation at break, film thickness, yellow index, and clarity index. These findings suggest that gelatin-based
f
ilms enriched with ?-carrageenan and avocado peel essential oil have potential as biodegradable active packaging
materials.
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| a |
Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145 Indonesia |
| b |
Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah 90509 Malaysia |
* Corresponding author, E-mail: rahmi_nurdiani@ub.ac.id
Received 2 Jun 2025, Accepted 18 Dec 2025
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